The king penguin, a model organism for antimicrobial resistance research

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Proteomics applied to bioinspired research has the potential to improve the overall human health, environmental quality and biodiversity conservation. King penguins are a good example as they are able to feed their newly hatched chicks with food preserved intact in the stomach. Apart from the arrest of digestion, spheniscin, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide that remains effective even at high salt concentrations, is secreted into the stomach. A better understanding of the mechanism of action of spheniscin could help enrich the human pharmacopoeia against various infections against which we have few weapons. We show a significant impact of spheniscin on the proteome of Escherichia coli (label free in DDA mode; genome annotation). A marked alteration in processes essential to bacterial growth and metabolism, such as sulfur and nitrogen metabolism, protein synthesis and periplasmic integrity, was observed. Signs of altered bacterial DNA stability were also detected. As spheniscin triggers multiple negative effects on bacteria, it is reasonable to assume that bacterial defenses will be futile and that the development of resistance to spheniscin is highly unlikely. Besides the identification of intracellular targets, mass spectrometry and sequence prediction also enabled us to identify new members of the spheniscin family, which will help us design the most active, less toxic compound for a promising avenue to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.

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